Rise and fall of a technique

Ancient ceramic art and technology reached its apogee in Athenian workshops during the 6th-5th centuries BC. During this period the artistic and technological quality of the fired black and red figure vases reached perfection. It was only natural that such perfection had to be witnessed and established by the application of the creator's signature of which we have over 100 examples. We also witness the emergence of schools and workshops which applied signatures as trade marks and guarantees of quality. The incised mark ΝΙΚΟΣΘΕΝΗΣ ΕΠΟΙΗΣΕΝ is the classical precursor of the marks and signatures of the great European workshops of the last few centuries. The products of Athenian workshops were in great demand throughout the Mediterranean markets from Etruria and South Italy, to Carthage, Egypt and the coasts of Anatolia (Asia Minor). The Attic black and red figure vases served as aesthetic and technological reference points for the objects of domestic and decora­tive usage in very much the same way as the products of the great names of European pot­tery and glass making (i.e. Wedgwood, Sevres, Limoges, Meissen, Galle, Lalique).
The decay of the social and economic fabric of Athens which followed the Peloponnesian war marks the beginning of a long period of gradual deterioration of both aesthetic and technological standards, the appearance of lower quality imitations and finally during the Roman period the complete abandonment of the technique. This was the end of the iron reduction technique, the most widespread process for decorating ceramics which lasted more than 2500 years. Present day copies which are sold in tourist markets are painted over and bear no relation to the techniques of the Classical period.

The rediscovery

The aesthetic interest in Classical antiquity which followed the Renaissance led to an active search for the lost technique of the so-called ATTIC BLACK GLAZE. In 1752 le Comte de Caylus published a treatise in France where he describes the glaze as "basically ferruginous earth". Fifteen years later Josiah Wedgwood, after failing to reproduce the glaze he produced the famous "black basalt" substitutes, decorated in the red-figured style to celebrate the opening of his factory at Etruria (Staffordshire).

During the next two centuries chemists, archaeologists and ceramists met with the same difficulties to reproduce the Attic BG devoting articles and treatises to the subject. Schumann (1942), Winter (1959) and Hoffman (1962) in Germany as well as Noble (1966) in the USA attempted to overcome similar difficulties by introducing "exotic" additives such as urine, dregs of wine, blood, bone powder, and wood or seaweed ashes. The definitive answer to the mystery was provided in 1993 by Aloupi in Greece in the course of her PhD research on the "Nature and Micromorphology of paint layers in ancient ceramics". The key to the technique lies in the use of carefully chosen and laboriously processed natural clays in water, followed by a rather complex firing cycle during which the clay based paints acquire their final black or red colour depending on the kiln temperature and atmosphere. The result is a ceramic object whose colour, texture, chemical composition and microstructure are indistinguishable from the original. This process forms the basis of the THETIS 'fired black' Ceramic Collection.

Relevant texts
Museum Quality ancient ceramic replicas
Beware the fakes, frauds and reproductions

References
Aloupi, 1993, Nature and Micromorphology of paint layers in ancient ceramics (in greek)
de Caylus, Comte, 1752, Receuil des Antiquites Egyptienes, Etrusques et Romaines, Vol. 1
Hoffmann, 1952, Die chemischen Grundlagen der griechischen Vasenmalerei
Noble, 1964, The techniques of painted Attic pottery
Schumann, 1942, Oberflachenverzierung in der antiken opferkunst.
Winter, 1957, Die technik des griechischen Topfers in ihrem Grundlagen, Mainz

(C)2002, THETIS authentics Ltd